系统信息
操作系统版本
lsb_release
$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
Release: 24.04
Codename: noblecat /etc/os-release
$ cat /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS"
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION_ID="24.04"
VERSION="24.04.2 LTS (Noble Numbat)"
VERSION_CODENAME=noble
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
UBUNTU_CODENAME=noble
LOGO=ubuntu-logo
hostnamectl
$ hostnamectl
Static hostname: gaoyong-HP-Elite-Dragonfly-G2-Notebook-PC
Icon name: computer-convertible
Chassis: convertible
Machine ID: 5a01375469734ef5a9a64f65069efce4
Boot ID: 90095802a08a4a3a8fa5707618b68fa5
Operating System: Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
Kernel: Linux 6.11.0-26-generic
Architecture: x86-64
Hardware Vendor: HP
Hardware Model: HP Elite Dragonfly G2 Notebook PC
Firmware Version: T90 Ver. 01.19.00
Firmware Date: Tue 2024-11-26
Firmware Age: 6month 3w
硬件信息
lshw
显示完整的硬件架构信息。
sudo lshw -short # 简洁版
sudo lshw -html > report.html # 生成 HTML 报告inxi -Fxz
综合显示 CPU、内存、磁盘、网络等详细信息
sudo apt install inxi
inxi -Fxzlscpu
查看 CPU 架构、核心数、线程数
$ lscpu
架构： x86_64
CPU 运行模式： 32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes: 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
字节序： Little Endian
CPU: 8
在线 CPU 列表： 0-7
厂商 ID： GenuineIntel
型号名称： 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1165G7 @ 2.80GHz
CPU 系列： 6
型号： 140
每个核的线程数： 2
每个座的核数： 4
座： 1
步进： 1
CPU(s) scaling MHz: 18%
CPU 最大 MHz： 4700.0000
CPU 最小 MHz： 400.0000
BogoMIPS： 5606.40
cat /proc/cpuinfo
查看详细 CPU 参数
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "model name" | uniq # 显示 CPU 型号free
查看内存参数
free -hdmidecode
显示物理内存插槽和容量
sudo dmidecode -t memorylsblk
磁盘信息
$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
loop0 7:0 0 4K 1 loop /snap/bare/5
loop1 7:1 0 73.9M 1 loop /snap/core22/1748
loop2 7:2 0 258M 1 loop /snap/firefox/5751
loop3 7:3 0 11.1M 1 loop /snap/firmware-updater/167
loop4 7:4 0 516M 1 loop /snap/gnome-42-2204/202
loop5 7:5 0 91.7M 1 loop /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
loop6 7:6 0 10.8M 1 loop /snap/snap-store/1248
loop7 7:7 0 44.4M 1 loop /snap/snapd/23545
loop8 7:8 0 568K 1 loop /snap/snapd-desktop-integration/253
loop9 7:9 0 63.8M 1 loop /snap/core20/2599
loop10 7:10 0 322.8M 1 loop /snap/code/196
nvme0n1 259:0 0 953.9G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 292G 0 part /
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot/efi
└─nvme0n1p5 259:3 0 660.8G 0 part
hdparm
测试硬盘信息
sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda # 查看 SATA 硬盘参数lscpi
查看CPI的信息
$ lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 11th Gen Core Processor Host Bridge/DRAM Registers (rev 01)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation TigerLake-LP GT2 [Iris Xe Graphics] (rev 01)
00:04.0 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation TigerLake-LP Dynamic Tuning Processor Participant (rev 01)
00:07.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Thunderbolt 4 PCI Express Root Port #0 (rev 01)
00:07.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Thunderbolt 4 PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev 01)
00:0a.0 Signal processing controller: Intel Corporation Tigerlake Telemetry Aggregator Driver (rev 01)
00:0d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Thunderbolt 4 USB Controller (rev 01)
00:0d.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Thunderbolt 4 NHI #0 (rev 01)
00:0e.0 RAID bus controller: Intel Corporation Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controller
00:12.0 Serial controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Integrated Sensor Hub (rev 20)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP USB 3.2 Gen 2x1 xHCI Host Controller (rev 20)
00:14.2 RAM memory: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Shared SRAM (rev 20)
00:14.3 Network controller: Intel Corporation Wi-Fi 6 AX201 (rev 20)
00:15.0 Serial bus controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Serial IO I2C Controller #0 (rev 20)
00:15.1 Serial bus controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Serial IO I2C Controller #1 (rev 20)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Management Engine Interface (rev 20)
00:1d.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP PCI Express Root Port #9 (rev 20)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP LPC Controller (rev 20)
00:1f.3 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP Smart Sound Technology Audio Controller (rev 20)
00:1f.4 SMBus: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP SMBus Controller (rev 20)
00:1f.5 Serial bus controller: Intel Corporation Tiger Lake-LP SPI Controller (rev 20)
55:00.0 Non-Volatile memory controller: Samsung Electronics Co Ltd NVMe SSD Controller SM981/PM981/PM983
# 查看显卡型号
$ lspci | grep -i vga
# NVIDIA 显卡专用，显示 GPU 状态和温度
$ nvidia-smiip addr
查看网络接口信息
$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: wlp0s20f3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 38:87:d5:c8:7c:79 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.1.8/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp0s20f3
valid_lft 80325sec preferred_lft 80325sec
inet6 240e:3ba:30c4:3470:83d5:250:b491:f15b/64 scope global temporary dynamic
valid_lft 258769sec preferred_lft 80140sec
inet6 240e:3ba:30c4:3470:4f89:dae1:2a9a:8edc/64 scope global dynamic mngtmpaddr noprefixroute
valid_lft 258769sec preferred_lft 172369sec
inet6 fe80::675e:9b2a:d785:4611/64 scope link noprefixroute
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
iwconfig
查看无线网卡信息
$ iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions.
wlp0s20f3 IEEE 802.11 ESSID:"ChinaNet-6C6c-5G"
Mode:Managed Frequency:5.18 GHz Access Point: B0:11:4B:9E:FF:E4
Bit Rate=864.6 Mb/s Tx-Power=22 dBm
Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Power Management:on
Link Quality=70/70 Signal level=-39 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:69 Missed beacon:0
ifconfig
需要安装而外包。
sudo apt install net-tools
ifcofnigtop htop
实时查看 CPU、内存占用及进程状态（htop 需安装）
sudo apt install htopdmesg
查看内核启动和硬件检测日志。
$ sudo dmesg
glances
跨平台实时监控工具，支持 CPU、内存、磁盘、网络等（需安装）。
$ sudo apt install glances
$ glanceshardinfo
硬件检测工具，生成详细报告。
$ sudo apt install hardinfo
$ hardinfo磁盘
查看
fdisk
查看系统中已连接的硬盘和分区信息
sudo fdisk -l
sudo lsblk -f挂载ntfs磁盘分区
# 查看分区文件格式
lsblk -f
# 手动临时挂载
sudo mkdir -p /media/gaoyong/D
sudo mount -t ntfs-3g -o rw,uid=1000,gid=1000,umask=000 /dev/nvme0n1p5 /media/gaoyong/D
挂载smb网络磁盘
首先安装smb客户端
sudo apt update
sudo apt install cifs-utils smbclient
软件安装
制作图标
为一个安装好的应用提供图形界面的图标，图标文件格式如下，放在指定目录即可。参考如下实例
$ cat ~/.local/share/applications/Cursor.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Cursor
Exec=//home/gaoyong/soft/cursor/Cursor-1.1.3-x86_64.AppImage --no-sandbox
Icon=/home/gaoyong/图片/cursor.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Development;IDE;
StartupWMClass=cursor
$ cat /usr/share/applications/archi.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Archi
Exec=/home/gaoyong/soft/Archi/Archi
Icon=/home/gaoyong/soft/Archi/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Developement.Modeling;
第三方软件
DBeaver
是一个数据库客户端，可用来查看数据库表以及执行SQL语句。
sudo snap install dbeaver-ceModelio
是一个UML设计工具，可用来绘制通讯图等。
sudo snap install modelio --edgeArchi
一个企业架构工具，可基于Archimate定义的符号进行企业架构设计。
# 下载
$ wget Archi-Linux64-5.6.0.tgz
# 解压
$ tar zxvf Archi-Linux64-5.6.0.tgz
$ mv Archi ~/soft/
# 制作快捷方式
$ cat /usr/share/applications/archi.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Archi
Exec=/home/gaoyong/soft/Archi/Archi
Icon=/home/gaoyong/soft/Archi/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Developement.Modeling;
Java
sudo apt update
sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk
$ javac --version
javac 11.0.27
uGet
一个图形界面的多线程下载工具。
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:uget-team/ppa
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ugetchrome
wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb